IL-8 production, which can in part be regulated by GM-CSF [15], was also significantly upregulated by MEDI5395, but not NDVmuGM-CSF, infection at all but the lowest MOI (0.01) tested (P = 0.003 at MOI 10), indicating that hGM-CSF produced by infected cells was bioactive. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and infection.