Selective VEGFR-1 stimulation by PlGF of AML cell lines and AML bone marrow samples was associated with the formation of membrane protrusions, induction of p38 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, activation of the actin-binding protein cofilin, and formation of caveolae-like structures [278]. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK3 and acute myeloid leukemia.