Though the existence of CSCs was long hypothesized, the stochastic model of tumorigenesis and progression championed by the Vogelstein group was favored until work by the John Dick lab demonstrated the existence of CSCs definitively by identifying a specific AML subpopulation (CD34+/CD38−) giving rise to the totality of AML cell types [44]. The gene discussed is CD34; the disease is acute myeloid leukemia.