GAPDH and Insulin resistance: Furthermore, insulin resistance is considered to increase ribose-5-phosphate production by impairing the glycolysis pathway through reduced glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity [33] and increase adenosine triphosphate degradation to adenosine monophosphate [34], suggesting that insulin resistance indirectly activates XOR activity in the liver via enhanced purine degradation.