Additionally, our data indicated that IL-12 and TNF-α were significantly increased whereas TGF-β1 was decreased in the RHΔrop16-infected animals; the ratios of IL-10/IL-12 and IL-10/TNF-α of the RHΔrop16-infected mice declined significantly compared to those of the RH WT group, indicative of the Th1-polarized response in RHΔrop16 infection. Here, TNF is linked to infection.