TNF and infection: “Cytokine storm,” a burst in production of inflammatory cytokines, is thought by many to be integral to EVD pathogenesis, and high levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-1β, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β, and macrophage chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 are associated with fatal infections (Ruibal et al., 2016; Vernet et al., 2017).