INS and metabolic disease: Insulin resistance (IR), a subnormal biological response to normal insulin concentrations in target cells (e.g., hepatocytes, skeletal muscle cells, and adipocytes), plays a pivotal role in the development of several metabolic diseases including T2DM, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia (Reaven, 1991; Lillioja et al., 1993; Veerkamp et al., 2005).