TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: In addition, possible effects of potent IBD medications were not evaluated in detail: In both the inflammatory and non-inflammatory groups, approximately 70% of patients were currently receiving treatment with corticosteroids, immunomodulators (e.g., azathioprine, methotrexate) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitors, which are known and intended to reduce chronic inflammation and the bioclinical parameters thereof, and may also affect vitamin D metabolism.