CD274 and rectal cancer: Similarly, our previous study indicated that the tumor PD-L1 level was not upregulated by preoperatively neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (neoCRT) in 36% of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) patients (tumor PD-L1H vs. tumor PD-L1L: 64% vs. 36%) [11,21], suggesting that other mechanisms may influence the PD-L1 induction.