In a study by Yadav et al. (2016), it was shown that human GSCs express high levels of CXCR4 and are attracted towards human brain microvascular endothelial cells that secrete SDF-1α in vitro, and peri-vascular invasion of GSCs was observed in mouse models of glioblastoma. This evidence concerns the gene CXCR4 and glioblastoma.