KRAS and neoplasm: To investigate whether the exon-4 mutations impact KRAS-binding to the membrane, which is reported to be essential for signal transduction [30], non-tumor HEK293 cells were stably transfected with pLenti6.3-EmGFP-KRASWT/p.G12A/p.A146T/p.A146V and the pLenti6.2-EmGFP vector control, respectively.