It was noted that dysregulated insulin signalling pathways also play a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease by disrupting brain processing of Abeta precursor protein and amyloid clearance and increased activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3B (GSK-3B) generating phosphorylated tau, in parallel with cerebral microvascular changes responsible for vascular dementia33. Here, INS is linked to early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.