Prior to the investigation of the effects of combination of vactosertib with nal-IRI/5-FU/LV, we first examined whether blockade of TGF-β signalling through vactosertib, targeting TGF-β type I receptor, is beneficial for the treatment of pancreatic cancer by analysing the expression of TGFBR1 in normal (n = 171) and pancreatic tumour (n = 179) tissues using TCGA database. The gene discussed is TGFBR1; the disease is pancreatic neoplasm.