From RNA-Seq analysis, we found that tumour suppressors such as Ccdc80, Itm2a, and Sfrp1 were significantly up-regulated by the combination treatment of vactosertib with nal-IRI/5-FU/LV compared to the control group and the nal-IRI/5-FU/LV group (Fig. 4A and Supplementary Fig. 6A). This evidence concerns the gene CCDC80 and neoplasm.