INS and Impaired glucose tolerance: It is important to note that the direction and magnitude of the relationship between cannabinoids and insulin is not linear, and may depend on multiple factors such as baseline metabolic state, duration and frequency of exposure, etc. As an example, while the aforementioned evidence suggests that overactivation of the endocannabinoid system may have negative consequences, activation of cannabinoid receptors expressed by pancreatic β-cells can stimulate insulin secretion and, therefore, may be beneficial in treating impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus61,62.