INS and Insulin resistance: Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have observed that NGT individuals possessing monophasic glucose curve shapes, in contrast to those having complex shapes, tended to have a significantly higher glucose, insulin, C-peptide, free fatty acid, and visceral fat [24,25,26], with significantly reduced insulin sensitivity, a lack of compensatory first and second phase insulin secretion, and higher levels of insulin resistance [23,24,25,27,33].