TNF and pulmonary edema: Besides, several studies indicated that interleukin 1β (IL1β), IL6, IL10, IL13, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) or interferon γ (IFNγ) were highly elevated in EV71-infected patients with diverse manifestations, including brainstem encephalitis, poliomyelitis-like syndrome, meningitis and pulmonary edema [17,18].