The differences in circulating levels of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and N-terminal-pro-brian-type natriuretic peptide (NTpBNP) found between paroxysmal and long-standing persistent/permanent AF [13–15] indicate that atrial inflammation may differ between AF subtypes also, although unknown is whether this coincides with a difference in atrial inflammation. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and inflammation.