Although M2 macrophages were shown to act profibrotic in pulmonary and hepatic fibrosis, it is well accepted that M1 cells secrete large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which contribute to hepatocyte apoptosis, promote inflammatory cell recruitment, activate hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and perpetuate fibrosis4–6. Here, TNF is linked to Hepatic fibrosis.