Interestingly, in the immortalized AML12HBV10 cells, which are thought to be nontransformed and mimic normal hepatocytes better than hepatoma cells, we could detect transient induction of the ATR-CHK1 pathway by HBV replication, as indicated by the increase of pCHK1 shown by both immunofluorescence (Fig. S2A) and Western blot analysis (Fig. S2B). The gene discussed is CHEK1; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.