GDF15 and endothelial dysfunction: Other related biomarkers include: growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15), myeloid-related proteins 8/14, pentraxin 3, and lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), which were identified as surrogate markers of atherosclerosis associated with cardiovascular diseases during obesity [45,46], while galectin-3 was described as a potential biomarker of vascular remodeling and endothelial dysfunctions attributed to inflammation in obesity [47].