CCL2 and glioblastoma: Surprisingly, indirect co-incubation of GBM cells and PBMCs, without any additional stimuli, was sufficient to dramatically increase the expression of proinflammatory genes and STAT3 in GBM cells (Figure 3A: IL-1β: +70.7% ± 32.4%, COX-2: +79.9% ± 51.8%, CCL2: +5.81-fold ± 2.04, IL-8: +14.11-fold ± 4.66, n = 7, p < 0.040; Figure 3B: STAT3: +26.9% ± 5.1%, n = 7, p = 0.006).