PDCD1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Moreover, patients with higher levels of tumor‐infiltrating and circulating PD‐1+CD8+ T cells tend to progress early after posthepatic resection.27 It has been reported that macrophages can be recruited into HCC tissue by SEMA3A, and overexpression of SEMA3A indicates poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma.28 Artemin was shown to be related to early relapse, shortened overall survival and large tumor size.29 The involvement of all the above mentioned genes indicates that immune processes contribute to tumor development and prognosis.