The genes included extracellular and transmembrane genes and extracellular vesicles, such as CXCL1, CXCL6, MMP7, CD70, and COL5A1. While the cancer stem cell genes and WNT and NOTCH signaling genes were not included in this list, we found that clusters 1 and 3 showed higher expression of WNT and NOTCH pathway genes, stem cell genes and kidney-specific genes, for instance LGR4, TCF7L2, JAG1, ALDH1A1, and PAX2 (Fig. 5c). This evidence concerns the gene COL5A1 and cancer.