IGFBP7 and cancer: Of note, the reported physiologic and pathological serum concentrations of IGFBP7 vary greatly, where most of the reported normal serum IGFBP7 concentrations fall below 50 ng/ml, but the serum IGFBP7 levels in different pathological conditions (e.g. various vascular disorders and cancers) are higher (as high as ~1000 ng/ml) (Kutsukake et al., 2008; Shersher et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2015b; Shaver et al., 2016; Barroso et al., 2016).