MTOR and cancer: The role of metadherin (MTDH), also known as astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) or lysine-rich CEACAM1 coisolated (LYRIC), in cancer chemoresistance is noted in a number of studies, and downstream molecular mechanisms implicated in chemoresistance include NF-kB, AMPK/ATG5, P13K/AKT/mTOR, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling [8–12].