HMGB1 and Stroke: Thereafter, damage‐associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), such as ATP, S100, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), are released.56, 57, 58 Pattern recognition receptors expressed on resident microglia and infiltrating immune cells bind to these DAMPs, which initiate aseptic immune responses (produce inflammatory cytokines) in compromised tissue to further influence stroke pathology.