TGFB1 and Hepatic fibrosis: In order to limit the continuous stimulation of E. multilocularis and protect the stability of the liver environment, KCs secrete a large amount of profibrogenic cytokine transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), to promote the activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), a marker of liver fibrosis activation and leading to the occurrence and development of liver fibrosis (Lee and Friedman, 2011; Tosello-Trampont et al., 2011; Beljaars et al., 2014; Sica et al., 2014).