TNF and colitis: In addition, berberine (100 mg/kg or 100 μM) treatment improves intestinal barrier function through suppression of the phosphorylated colonic signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 and myosin light chain (MLC) kinase-MLC signaling pathway, as well as inhibition of IFN-γ and TNF-α expressions and macrophage infiltration into the intestinal mucosa in DSS-colitis mice [51, 52].