FMO5 and atherosclerosis: Vallejo et al. (2014) have shown that the deleterious effects of IL-1β on endothelial cells are due to the IL-1R-mediated activation of NADPH oxidase, which stimulates the production of superoxide anion (Vallejo et al., 2014). Over-activation of NADPH oxidase has also been associated with excess ROS production and the development of atherosclerosis in diabetic vasculopathy (Olukman et al., 2010; Gray et al., 2013).