Specifically, we examined α-synuclein phosphorylated at serine 129 (pS129) (Fig. 7a, b) since the pathological protein aggregates in PD are composed primarily of this phosphorylated form of α-synuclein, and pS129 α-synuclein is known to accumulate in the presence of proteasome impairment in vitro [9]. Here, SNCA is linked to Parkinson disease.