ACE and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In that study [37], the protective effect of achieving high CRF was found to be independent of a number of confounders, including age, sex, race, BMI, history of hypertension, hypertension medication use, ACE inhibitor use, angiotensin II receptor blocker use, b-blocker use, diuretic use, history of hyperlipidemia, lipid lowering medication use, statin use, history of obesity, family history of coronary heart disease, current smoking status, sedentary lifestyle, treated pulmonary disease, depression medication use, and indication for stress testing.