As shown in Fig. 3b–e, the levels of ALT, AST, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), apoptosis, H2O2, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were significantly increased, while ATP level significantly decreased in HFFA-induced NASH cell-like model (all p < 0.05). Here, CCL2 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.