TNF and migraine disorder: The association between migraine and CD may be attributed to several concurrent mechanisms including proinflammatory cytokines induced by gluten (e.g. IFN-훾 and TNF-훼 that are thought to enhance CGRP levels), lack of vitamins and macro elements due to malabsorption, vascular tone disturbances, nervous system hypersensitivity, brain hypoperfusion and perivascular inflammation [18, 103, 113–117].