Despite compelling evidence of correlation between serum levels of inflammatory mediators and HF progression and prognosis [70], however, several phase III clinical trials testing anti-cytokine approaches have failed to show clear benefit or, in the case of anti-TNF-α, have even worsened clinical outcomes, challenging the notion that inflammation exclusively contributes to HF pathogenesis and may be a therapeutic target [71]. Here, TNF is linked to hydrops fetalis.