In spite of this distinction, common up-regulated pathways were identified between DCIS and ADH, such as p53 and Myc, which were shared between ADH and DCIS, but not invasive cancer, while epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), TNFα/NF-kβ, and MTORC1 signaling pathways were enriched throughout the cancer progression continuum from ADH to DCIS to invasive cancer. Here, TNF is linked to ductal breast carcinoma in situ.