Among the differentially expressed genes along the progression continuum from normal to ADH to DCIS and finally to invasive cancer, more than 40 gene sets were identified with a positive NES at p-value <  0.05 and FDR  < 0.05 (Figure 7A), and 25 pathways were identified with a negative NES at p-value <  0.05 and FDR   < 0.05 (Figure 7B). This evidence concerns the gene AVP and ductal breast carcinoma in situ.