The special role of astrocytes in the CNS as a main source of IFN-β expression and virus control through TLR (Toll-like receptor) and RLR (RIG-I-like receptor) activation pathways [33,60,61] in combination with the infection route-dependent differences described here, as observed for rCVS-11, may contribute to such differences in apoptosis and other host reaction patterns. The gene discussed is DHX58; the disease is infection.