TNF and nutritional deficiency disease: The so-called inflamm-aging is characterized by increased circulating concentrations of cytokines (e.g., interleukin (IL) 1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)) [35,41], responsible for a reduction of food intake, altered metabolism (i.e., elevation of resting energy expenditure), and increased muscle catabolism, eventually resulting in the risk of malnutrition [42].