TWIST1 and medical procedure: A recent study has reported that in the distal nephron of AA-treated wild-type (WT) mice, Twist1 promoted kidney fibrogenesis by driving renal accumulation of CD64+ macrophages and their FN-dependent production of IL-1β and monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1), and that these effects were reduced in Twist1 knockout mice, suggesting the role of Twist 1 in AA-induced kidney injury [82].