SMAD4 and Pancreatic cysts: Based on prior whole exome sequencing to profile pancreatic cysts, Springer et al. performed whole exome sequencing on cyst fluid samples to evaluate specific low frequency allele mutations in a sample of 11 genes (BRAF, CDKN2A, CTNNB1, GNAS, KRAS, NRAS, PIK3CA, RNF43, SMAD4, TP53, and VHL) as well as the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and aneuploidy [58].