Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) antibodies and anti-programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies, have improved clinical outcomes for a subset of patients with advanced NSCLC.[2–5] Nivolumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting PD-1, prolonged the overall survival (OS) of previously treated patients with advanced NSCLC compared to docetaxel in 2 independent phase III studies.[2,3]. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.