Cell cycle and chromatin-expression regulators, such as ubiquitination of proteins (mediated by tnip1 or cbl), methylation (via downregulation of euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 1L that methylates the lysine-9 position of histone H3 and tags it for transcriptional repression) or uridylation of mRNAs appear significantly and exclusively regulated in brainless animals (with or without infection). Here, TNIP1 is linked to infection.