MACC1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: However, in HCC patients among smokers, we found that carriers of the MACC1 rs1990172 "CA+AA" genotypic variants revealed a lower risk in clinical stage ([OR] = 0.390, p = 0.032), tumor size ([OR] = 0.375, p = 0.026), and vascular invasion ([OR] = 0.198, p = 0.034) compared with the MACC1 rs1990172 "CC" genotypic variant (Table 3).