MACC1 and cancer: Although we did not perform the haplotype analysis in our current study, and the interaction between MACC1 and carcinogenic risk factors such as smoking and alcohol drinking are not well-understood, it could be proposed that the haplotype of MACC1 SNPs may play a crucial role in cancer progression since the MACC1 SNP rs1990172 was observed to exhibit controversial role in different cancers and ethnicities 22, 24-26.