One of the most successful strategies for reinstating an existing anti-cancer T cell immune response is the use of blocking antibodies against cell surface inhibitory co-receptors like cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), which block the engagement of PD-1 or CTLA4 with their ligand (PD-L1 and PD-L2 for PD1; CD80/CD86 for CTLA4), thus avoiding the initiation of signaling pathways leading to the suppression of T cell activation. Here, PDCD1 is linked to cancer.