PARP1 and neoplasm: Accordingly, it has been shown that PARP inhibitors promote the accumulation of cytosolic DNA, which activates the DNA-sensing cGAS–STING pathway and stimulates type I interferon (IFNs) gene expression to induce anti-tumor immunity independent of the BRCA status, providing a rationale for using PARP inhibitors as immunomodulatory agents [99,100,101].