IL4 and chronic kidney disease: The analysis showed that serum concentrations of IL-9 and MIP-1β were elevated >500 times; those of IL-1β, IL-8, IL-12 (p70), IL-13, IL-15, IP-10, RANTES and VEGF increased >100 times; IL-6, GM-CSF, MIP-1α and PDGF-1bb levels were elevated >50 times; IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-10 and IL-17 were 20–40 times higher; and those of IL-5, Eotaxin, FGFb, G-CSF, MCP-1 and TNF-α increased 6–12 times in patients with CKD (n = 19) when compared to the control group (n = 10).