HMGB1 and Alzheimer disease: Moreover, several HMGB1 inhibition approaches, including TTP488, sRAGE-mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), FPS-ZM1, matrine, pentamidine, hesperidin, and linguizhugan, have revealed promising outcomes in experimental AD models mainly by inhibiting RAGE expression, decreasing production of Aβ, reducing Aβ deposition, oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokines, while improving spatial learning and memory (Table 2) [113,114,115,116,117,118].