MAPK3 and Alzheimer disease: Overall, there are several RAGE-related signaling axes including the RAGE/Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-β (CaMKK-β)-AMPK, the RAGE/extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), RAGE/GSK-3β, and RAGE/NF-κB that have been implicated in AD, which are all associated with the regulation of abnormal Tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ pathology [22].