Importantly, we found that NOTCH1, HES1, DLL4, VEGFA, and MMP13 genes were significantly upregulated (P < 0.001) in tumors when compared with adjacent nonneoplastic tissues (Fig. 7a), confirming that LY3039478 molecular targets are indeed involved in iCCA pathogenesis. Here, HES1 is linked to infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis.