Importantly, we found that NOTCH1, HES1, DLL4, VEGFA, and MMP13 genes were significantly upregulated (P < 0.001) in tumors when compared with adjacent nonneoplastic tissues (Fig. 7a), confirming that LY3039478 molecular targets are indeed involved in iCCA pathogenesis. This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis.