While these results in humans are only correlative and do not necessarily link a defective FGF21-JMJD3 axis with defective autophagy in the patients, these findings are consistent with results in obese mice (Figs. 7 and 8), suggesting that the FGF21-JMJD3-autophagy axis is dysregulated in NAFLD. Here, FGF21 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.