TNF and benign prostatic hyperplasia: Similarly, palmitate increased c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation at T183/Y185 and mRNA levels of Mcp1 and Tnfα, severalfold with BPI, BPH, and WPI co-incubation, while palmitate failed to upregulate these inflammatory markers upon co-incubation with WPH (Figure 5A,C–E).