CCL3 and viral infectious disease: The results showed that, compared to parental MVA-B, MVA-B ΔA40R significantly enhanced the expression of several genes involved in the type I IFN signaling pathway, such as IFN-β, IFIT1, and IFIT2, as well as the viral dsRNA sensor MDA-5, and the pro-inflammatory chemokine MIP-1α, suggesting that MVA A40 protein could have an immunomodulatory role, blocking innate immune responses during virus infection.