TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Against this background, we and others have shown that TDP-43 pathology can be directly and reliably reproduced in HEK293 and NSC-34 cells via a templated seeding reaction from human sporadic ALS post-mortem brain and spinal cord tissue (Furukawa et al., 2011; Tsuji et al., 2012; Nonaka et al., 2013; Fang et al., 2014; Smethurst et al., 2016).