TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Having previously demonstrated that our paradigm using sarkosyl-insoluble extract from post-mortem ALS tissue can induce the formation of TDP-43 oligomers in HEK293 cells (Smethurst et al., 2016), we first confirmed the presence of TDP-43 oligomer in spALS spinal cord extract itself using a previously characterized TDP-43 oligomer-specific antibody to probe dot blots (Supplementary Fig. 3).